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Since the motions of the atoms in a molecule are determined by quantum mechanics, "motion" must be defined in a quantum mechanical way. The molecular geometry can be described by the positions of these atoms in space, evoking bond lengths of two joined atoms, bond angles of three connected atoms, and torsion angles ( dihedral angles) of three consecutive bonds.
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The position of each atom is determined by the nature of the chemical bonds by which it is connected to its neighboring atoms. The molecular geometry can be different as a solid, in solution, and as a gas. Geometries can also be computed by ab initio quantum chemistry methods to high accuracy. Larger molecules often exist in multiple stable geometries ( conformational isomerism) that are close in energy on the potential energy surface. Molecular geometries are best determined at low temperature because at higher temperatures the molecular structure is averaged over more accessible geometries (see next section). NMR and FRET methods can be used to determine complementary information including relative distances, Īngles, and connectivity. Gas electron diffraction can be used for small molecules in the gas phase. X-ray crystallography, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction can give molecular structure for crystalline solids based on the distance between nuclei and concentration of electron density. IR, microwave and Raman spectroscopy can give information about the molecule geometry from the details of the vibrational and rotational absorbance detected by these techniques. The molecular geometry can be determined by various spectroscopic methods and diffraction methods.